Colloidal Properties of Bio-oils Obtained by Vacuum Pyrolysis of Softwood Bark: Aging and Thermal Stability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study is to provide background information on pyrolysis oil for gas turbine applications. The bio-oil investigated consists of an upper layer and a bottom layer. It has been produced by vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark. The storage stability and the thermal behavior of the whole bio-oil, the upper layer, and the bottom layer were evaluated. The samples were stored at different temperatures (40, 50, and 80 °C) for up to 168 h and at room temperature for up to 1 year. Morphology, rheology, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry tests were performed on the bio-oil samples after their aging. The results indicated that the properties of the whole bio-oil are significantly altered when the bio-oil was heated at 80 °C, whatever the range of time investigated. The impact after heating to 50 °C was not critical for storage and handling purposes however, as shown by a series of rheological data. It was found that the aging effect is more pronounced for the bottom layer than for the upper layer. The presence of the upper layer reduced the aging rate of the bio-oil as a whole. The molecular weight increase after heating the whole bio-oil for 1 week at 80°C was equivalent to keeping the sample for 1 year at room temperature. This increase was mainly caused by polymerization of the bottom-layer-contained compounds. Aging of the raw bio-oil at room temperature resulted in a dramatic viscosity increase during the first 60 days, after which a plateau was reached.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".