Adaptive immune responses fail to provide protection against genital HSV‐2 infection in the absence of IL‐15
Bibliographic record
Abstract
IL-15 plays a crucial role in innate defense against viral infections. The role of IL-15 in the generation and function of adaptive immunity, following mucosal immunization, against genital HSV-2 has not been studied. Here, we report that immunized IL-15(-/-) mice were able to generate antibody and T cell-mediated immune responses against HSV-2, comparable to those seen in immunized B6 mice. However, immunized IL-15(-/-) mice were not protected against subsequent HSV-2 challenge, compared to B6 immunized mice, even with a ten times lower challenge dose. We then examined if the adaptive immune responses generated in the absence of IL-15 could provide protection against HSV-2 in an IL-15-positive environment. Adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from immunized IL-15(-/-) to naive mice were able to provide protection against HSV-2 challenge similar to protection with immunized cells from control mice. This suggests that the adaptive immune responses raised in the absence of IL-15 are functional in vivo. Reconstitution of the innate components, particularly IL-15, NK cells and NK cell-derived IFN-gamma, in immunized IL-15(-/-) mice restored their protective adaptive immunity against subsequent genital HSV-2 challenge. Our results clearly suggest that innate antiviral activity of IL-15 is necessary for protective adaptive immunity against genital HSV-2 infection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".