Foraging behaviour of Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) larvae in relation to prey concentration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In spite of a tremendous amount of research on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae, no information is available on the development of foraging behaviour over an extended period. We investigated the ontogeny of foraging behaviour of Atlantic cod larvae exposed to different prey concentrations from hatching to metamorphosis. The objective of this work was to determine if their foraging behaviour is influenced by prey concentration. Rotifers and (or) Artemia sp. were used as prey at concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000/L. During behavioural observations, which were carried out twice a week, foraging behaviour and activity of cod larvae were quantified. Larvae were sampled once a week and standard length and gut fullness were recorded. Larvae reared at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 prey/L swam significantly more but foraged (quantified by capture success) significantly less than the larvae reared at 4000 prey/L. Larvae reared at 4000 prey/L performed more orientations towards prey than larvae reared at all lower prey concentrations and the time spent per orientation increased from day 2 at all prey concentrations but declined as the larvae grew. However, this decline occurred earlier in larvae reared at 4000 prey/L than in larvae reared at other prey concentrations, and larvae reared at 4000 prey/L spent the shortest time per orientation at day 27 compared with day 34. Larvae reared at 4000 prey/L showed significantly higher success in capturing prey than larvae reared at all lower prey concentrations. After day 13 post hatch, larvae reared at 4000 prey/L were significantly greater in length than larvae reared at all other prey concentrations. Larvae reared at 0, 500, and 1000 prey/L did not survive beyond 11, 15, and 32 days, respectively, indicating that fewer than 2000 prey/L may not be adequate to keep cod larvae alive during intensive rearing. Our results suggest that the foraging behaviour of Atlantic cod larvae is influenced by prey concentration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".