Precipitation of Silver Powders in the Presence of Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Silver powders can be produced by the reduction of a silver salt in an aqueous solution. The manipulation of the rates of the reaction allows the control of the properties such as size and size distribution of the produced particles. In the present work, we studied the addition of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a complexation agent to moderate the rate of the reduction of silver cations with hydrazine as the reducing agent. The experiments were carried out in a batch reactor at different concentrations of the reactants. In the absence of EDTA, the reaction between hydrazine and the silver cations is extremely fast. It was found that, in the absence of seeds, the reaction starts by the precipitation of the free silver ions followed by a period where any reduced elemental silver forms sub-micrometer particles by nucleation. The addition of seeds promotes the growth of particles and suppresses nucleation. When the concentration seeds are greater than 5.4 × 10 -1 mM, no nucleation is apparent. This allows the determination of the reaction rate between hydrazine and silver cations. At 20 °C, the empirical rate law for the reduction of silver was r Ag = 9.35 [Ag] 1.3 [N 2 H 4 ] 0.7 [EDTA] -1.1 in mmol of Ag/L−min.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".