Controlled Self-Assembly of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanoparticles into Nanorods: Simple and Large Scale Synthesis using Bulk Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Powders
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Monodisperse samaria nanospheres and nanorods have been synthesized from commercial bulk Sm 2 O 3 powders and various capping long-chain alkyl acids (e.g., oleic acid, myristic acid, decanoic acid). The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform IR, thermogravimetric analysis, and N 2 adsorption/desorption isotherms was employed to characterize these materials. The results revealed that the synthesis of nanorods consists of two steps of growth: (i) the nanoparticles were formed at relatively low temperature (120−140 °C) by Ostwald ripening and (ii) were followed by oriented attachment of these nanoparticles at higher temperature (160−200 °C) to produce the nanorods (average size of 7 nm × 160 nm). Furthermore, the width of nanorods can be controlled by the length of capping alkyl chain agents; on the basis of the experimental results, it seems that a longer alkyl chain agent leads to thinner nanorods; however, the length of nanorods remains unchanged. For the whole process, the possible Ostwald ripening and oriented attachment mechanisms were also discussed. The XPS results for the calcined nanorods sample shows the presence of two oxidation states, Sm 3+ /Sm 2+ (it is found to be 40% Sm 2+ ), and three components by deconvolution of O 1s peak indicating the defected structure. The surface chemical composition is found to be Sm 2 O 3− x ( x = 1.8). We believe that this synthetic method is simple, highly reproducible, inexpensive, and applicable for large-scale production.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it