A <i>CYCLOIDEA</i>-like gene mutation in sunflower determines an unusual floret type able to produce filled achenes at the periphery of the pseudanthium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The pseudanthium of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) consists of two floret types: zygomorphic sterile ray florets and actinomorphic hermaphrodite disc florets. In the tubular ray flower (turf) mutant, the loss-of-function of a CYCLOIDEA (CYC) gene generates hermaphrodite tubular-like ray florets that replace the normal sterile ray florets. We evaluated whether tubular-like ray florets have a multifaceted set of floral traits and the presence of heteromorphic seeds in the turf inflorescence. During early stages of floral ontogeny, primordia of both tubular-like ray florets and typical ray florets displayed a comparable shape. In contrast, during later stages of development, the form of tubular-like ray floret primordia was most similar to disc floret primordia. In mature tubular-like ray florets, corolla and ovary had both ray and disc floret characteristics but also displayed distinct identity traits. In open-pollinated tubular-like ray florets, the seed set was low, but a noteworthy increase of filled achenes was obtained by hand pollination. Wild type ray achenes were always empty. Embryos of tubular-like ray florets were shorter and lighter than the embryos of disc florets but able to produce fertile plants. In conclusion, the different identity characteristics combined in tubular-like ray florets of the mutant evolved a capitulum type not described in the genus Helianthus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".