Roscovitine inhibits thyroid hormone‐induced tail regression of the frog tadpole and reveals a role for cyclin C/Cdk8 in the establishment of the metamorphic gene expression program
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The involvement of phosphorylation signaling pathways in postembryonic development of the frog is poorly understood. The thyroid hormone, 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)), is essential for inducing tadpole metamorphosis and we show that the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor, roscovitine, prevents T(3)-dependent regression of cultured tail tips from Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. Using tail tips from precociously induced and naturally metamorphosing tadpoles, our data suggest that protein phosphorylation is important in the establishment of the T(3)-dependent proapoptotic gene expression program. Our evidence indicates that Cdk8 is the most likely candidate for this proapoptotic activity with the expression of its regulatory subunit, cyclin C, identified as a novel T(3)-responsive gene. We suggest that this activity is crucial for the genetic reprogramming required for tail regression and demonstrate that protein phosphorylation is important in T(3)-induced apoptosis in normal cells during development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".