Minimum Effective Volume of Lidocaine for Double-Injection Ultrasound-Guided Axillary Block
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the minimum effective volume of lidocaine 1.5% with epinephrine 5 μg/mL in 90% of patients (MEV90) for double-injection ultrasound-guided axillary block (AXB). METHODS: All subjects received a double-injection ultrasound-guided AXB with lidocaine 1.5% and epinephrine 5 μg/mL. A 17-gauge, 8-cm Tuohy needle was initially advanced until its tip was positioned next to the musculocutaneous nerve. Volume assignment was carried out using a biased coin design up-and-down sequential method, where the volume of local anesthetic administered to each patient depended on the response of the previous one. In case of failure, the next subject received a higher volume (defined as the previous volume with an increment of 1.0 mL). If the previous patient had a successful block, the next subject was randomized to a lower volume (defined as the previous volume with a decrement of 1.0 mL), with a probability of b = 0.11, or the same volume, with a probability of 1 - b = 0.89. After injection of the musculocutaneous nerve, the needle was redirected toward the dorsal aspect of the axillary artery. For this second injection, volume assignment was carried out in a similar fashion; however, volume increments/decrements were 3.0 instead of 1.0 mL. Using a composite scale encompassing sensory and motor block, success was defined, at 30 minutes, as a composite score of 4 points (out of 4 points), and 10 points (out of 12 points) for the musculocutaneous and perivascular injection, respectively. Patients undergoing surgery of the forearm, wrist, or hand were prospectively enrolled until 45 successful musculocutaneous blocks or 45 successful perivascular injections were obtained. RESULTS: Fifty patients were included in the study. Using isotonic regression and bootstrap confidence interval (CI), the MEV90 was estimated to be 5.5 mL (95% CI, 3.0-6.7 mL) and 23.5 mL (95% CI, 23.1-23.9 mL) for the musculocutaneous and perivascular injection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: For double-injection ultrasound-guided AXB, the MEV90 of lidocaine 1.5% with epinephrine 5 μg/mL is 5.5 and 23.5 mL for the musculocutaneous nerve and perivascular injection, respectively. Further dose-finding studies are required for other concentrations of lidocaine, other local anesthetic agents, and other techniques for ultrasound-guided AXB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".