Absorption of water/methanol binary system on ion‐exchange resins
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Polymeric ion‐exchange resins are widely used in important industrial processes for both separation and reaction applications. Due to their particular cross‐linked structure, these materials are subjected to a remarkable swelling phenomena when are contacted with polar solvents like methanol or water. The high liquid volume retained and the selectivity towards the absorption of particular substances can results in a significant alteration of the liquid reactive mixture composition when polymeric resins are used as catalysts. In this situation the bulk liquid phase and the absorbed phase are different in composition and the kinetics could be strongly affected as the chemical reaction occurs mainly on the internal surface of the resin particles. The correct description of the kinetics for such systems requires additional information regarding the phase partitioning of the various components between the liquid and the absorbed phase. In this work, experimental absorption data, concerning the binary system methanol–water partitioned in the presence of Amberlyst 15 and Relite CFS, two sulphonic ion‐exchange resins, typically used as esterification catalysts, are presented. This mixture is of great interest in the esterification reaction of free fatty acids (FFAs) that is nowadays considered a suitable pre‐treatment of cheap feedstock for biodiesel production. The data collected on binary systems water–methanol, at different temperatures, have then been successfully correlated by a multicomponent competitive absorption model that could be useful, in the future, in a wider kinetic study. The same model has also been tested on data taken from the literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".