Experimental Study of Controlled Gravity Drainage in Fractured Porous Media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Oil production from a fractured reservoir with a gas cap and an oil zone usually takes place at a constant withdrawal rate until gas breakthrough; thereafter, the pumping rate is influenced by the presence of gas. Knowing the effect of pumping rate on production performance before gas breakthrough and selecting optimum pumping rates are necessary. In this paper, the concept of "critical production rate" (CPR) is introduced; it is the production rate at which a porous medium has a recovery factor (RF) equal to that for higher rates before gas enters into the production well, and is also the rate above which the difference between liquid levels in the fracture and matrix remains unchanged. One may use the CPR to choose a lower pumping rate to increase RF before gas breakthrough and to aid in understanding the physics of pumping from fractured media in real cases. Flow visualization experiments were performed using rectangular unconsolidated-packed models with two fractures on the sides. Sensitivity analyses were performed on the effect of different system parameters on the CPR, the maximum possible withdrawal rate (MPWR), RF at gas breakthrough, and gas-liquid (G-L) interface behaviour in both matrix and fractures. Results show that as long as the porous medium is drained with a constant liquid withdrawal rate below CPR, the height difference between G-L interfaces in the matrix and fracture remains constant. CPR and RF can also be related to other system parameters using dimensionless numbers, such as fracture/matrix permeability ratio and Bond number.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".