Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glacier variations are signals of global change. Current estimates are that ice is being lost from small glaciers of the world at the rate of approximately 130 mm year−1 and that the impact of this alone would be to change sea level upward, by 0·25 mm year−1. The reduction in small glacier ice volume over the past century, which exceed 50% in many areas, are likely to significantly change freshwater resources and wildlife habitat on land. Progress in three areas is crucial to understanding the links between glacier variations and the changes which may occur: (i) the development of a comprehensive mass balance assessment network; (ii) the knowledge of how winter weather determines snow accumulation; and (iii) the processes of surface meltwater production and development of the internal hydrology that links melt to water yield from local streams. Almost 20% of the mass balance records that exceed a 20-year time period come from Canada, but this does not signify the existence of a comprehensive network, particularly in view of the substantial loss of measurement sites that has occurred over the past 20 years. Snow accumulation is still understood mainly in terms of mass balance data that are gathered at the end of winter, but contributions by Canadian scientists to improving precipitation gauge accuracy, and the installation of automatic weather stations at glacier sites, offer the prospect of connecting the daily weather to the accumulation regime. The greatest progress has been made in relating summer ablation to glacier hydrology, such that Canadian scientists, in league with others, are now mapping the surface energy input over glacier surfaces and showing how meltwater generated from the energy passes through the internal hydrological system of the glacier to its snout. Although meltwater hydrology should continue to be a strong area of research, there is a need to bring knowledge about the accumulation regime up to par with that of the ablation regime and to improve the mass balance assessment network. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".