Vapor Generation by UV Irradiation for Sample Introduction with Atomic Spectrometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Volatile species of the conventional hydride-forming elements (As, Bi, Sb, Se, Sn, Pb, Cd, Te), Hg, transition metals (Ni, Co, Cu, Fe), noble metals (Ag, Au, Rh, Pd, Pt), and nonmetals (I, S) were generated following UV irradiation of their aqueous solutions to which low molecular weight carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, propionic) had been added. Free radicals arising from photodissociation of the latter provide a new and useful alternative to the common methods of chemical/electrochemical vapor generation techniques for the determination of these analytes by atomic spectrometry. Quantitative estimates of the efficiencies of these generation processes were not undertaken, although calculated signal-to-background ratios (>1500 for 5 ng/mL As, Sb, Bi, Se, and Te; 20 for 10 ng/mL Sn, Cu, Rh, Au, Pd, Pt, and Cd; 2400 for 1 ng/mL Hg; and 1000 for Co using ICP-TOF-MS detection) do provide clear evidence of the efficacy of this approach for sample introduction. In the case of Ni and Se, the tetracarbonyl and alkylated selenium compounds have been identified, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".