Improved viscoelasticity of xanthan gum through self‐association with surfactant: β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complexes for applications in enhanced oil recovery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents the chemical formulation and rheological properties of a novel self‐assembling biopolymer (SAP) system, which could be a useful alternative in polymer flooding for oil recovery, especially under harsh reservoir conditions of temperature, salinity, and hardness. The nonbonding associations of the side branches of xanthan gum with the surfactant: β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complexes in aqueous solution generate an improved viscoelastic SAP network system. This system exhibits superior mechanical and thermal stability, and also tolerance to elevated brine salinity and hardness due to the “interlocking effect.” Sandpack flood tests conducted at reservoir conditions (Pelican Lake reservoir, Alberta, Canada) demonstrate that the SAP system can produce considerably higher resistance factors than the baseline xanthan gum during flow in porous media, which indicates its effectiveness in controlling the mobility of the displacing fluid. Moreover, this system shows potential as in situ permeability modifier. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:523–532, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".