Canadian use of ground granulated blast-furnace slag as a supplementary cementing material for enhanced performance of concrete
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The performance of concrete, in terms of its placeability, physical properties, and its durability, can be enhanced by the use of slag-blended cements or separately added ground granulated blast-furnace slag. It also has advantages for architectural purposes due to the whiteness it imparts to concrete. Properly proportioned and cured slag concretes will control deleterious alkali-silica reactions, impart sulphate resistance, greatly reduce chloride ingress, and reduce heat of hydration. Setting times and early age strengths can be controlled through appropriate proportioning, while later age properties are typically enhanced. CSA and ASTM standards cover both slag-blended cements (CSA A362; ASTM C595; ASTM C1157) and slag as a supplementary cementing material (CSA A23.5; ASTM C989). Since Lafarge introduced the first large-scale slag grinding plant near Hamilton in 1976, slag has become the predominant supplementary cementing material in Ontario. Recently, its availability in the U.S. has expanded dramatically.Key words: blast-furnace slag, concrete performance, supplementary cementing material.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it