A Reconfigurable and Power-Scalable 10–12 Bit 0.4–44 MS/s Pipelined ADC With 0.35–0.5 pJ/Step in 1.2 V 90 nm Digital CMOS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A pipelined ADC, reconfigurable over bandwidths of 0.2-22 MHz (sampling frequencies of 0.4-44 MS/s) and resolutions of 10-12 bits, is described for applications in multi-standard wireless terminals. Fabricated in a 1.2-V 90-nm digital CMOS technology, this ADC achieves low power (figure-of-merit of FOM=0.35 to 0.5 pJ per A/D conversion step) over its full bandwidth-resolution range. Accordingly, compared to state-of-the-art power-efficient reconfigurable pipelined ADCs, this ADC provides a larger bandwidth-resolution reconfigurability space, while maintaining a highly competitive FOM over this entire space. To achieve such low-power performance in a low-voltage nanometer CMOS process, this work utilizes: (1) a current-scalable frequency-compensation technique to design low-power current-scalable two-stage opamps; (2) a switched-capacitor technique to design dynamic comparators with low input capacitance (input-loading effect); and (3) a low-power digital background gain-calibration technique. The large bandwidth and resolution reconfigurability ranges are achieved using current-scaling and stage-bypass techniques, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".