Economic evaluation of a small RO unit powered by PV installed in the village of Hartha, Jordan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A PV-powered desalination system has been successfully designed, installed and tested at the Hartha Charitable Society in northern Jordan as part of Autonomous Desalination In Rural Areas (ADIRA) with renewable energies—Potentials, technologies, field experience, socio-technical and socioeconomic impact) project installations, partially supported by the European Commission. The system is composed of photovoltaic (PV) panels (433 Wp), a commercially available small RO compact unit with a typical daily production of 428 L, and a softener. The system produced clean drinking water from a variety of feed waters, including brackish water (1700 mg/L). The amount of energy required to produce 1 m3 of high quality water (30 mg/L) is about 13 kWh, depending on the salinity of feed water and the system operating conditions. The cost per cubic meter of water produced is US$ 15.6. The price is not competitive with the price of water produced by conventional desalination processes, but in some cases, for instance small rural sites or during catastrophes where drinkable water is not available, such systems are indispensable. This paper presents the cost calculations of the PV-RO system and the possible scenarios to reduce the production cost.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".