Effects of Glycerol and Tween 60 on the Crystallization Behavior, Mechanical Properties, and Microstructure of a Plastic Fat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The addition of 0.10% glycerol or Tween 60 increased the yield force of a 70:30 (w/w) mixture of triolein/HMF (high-melting fraction of milkfat) at 5 °C. Further increases in glycerol or Tween 60 caused a decrease in yield force. Solid fat content (SFC) versus time profiles at 30 °C (glycerol) and 28 °C (Tween 60) allowed for the determination of Avrami rate constants of crystallization ( k ) and Avrami exponents ( n ). Higher Avrami constants and lower Avrami indices (higher rate of crystal growth), smaller crystallites, and a shorter induction time of nucleation were observed in samples containing 0.10% Tween 60 relative to the control and 0.50% Tween 60. A 0.10% glycerol addition, on the other hand, yielded opposite results. The increase in hardness induced by small additions of Tween 60 could be attributed to decreases in crystallite size at constant SFC and fractal dimension. The increase in hardness induced by small additions of glycerol could only be attributed to increases in the crystal-melt interfacial tension, at constant SFC and fractal dimension, despite increases in crystallite size.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".