Performance and low temperature behaviour of hydrous ruthenium oxide supercapacitors with improved power densities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The performances of hydrous Ru oxide supercapacitors have been characterized by cyclic voltammetry, constant current discharge, and impedance experiments. The effective series resistance (ESR) was reduced to 0.10 Ω cm2 by using a Nafion®NRE 211 separator, providing a power density of over 100 kW kg−1 at 5 W h kg−1, calculated for discharge from 1.0 to 0.5 V. The maximum energy density was 21.8 W h kg−1 (31.2 W h kg−1 for discharge to 0 V). Both the ESR and electrode ionic resistance increased exponentially with decreasing temperature, while the specific capacitance decreased linearly from 770 F g−1 at 40 °C to 690 F g−1 at −40 °C. At −40 °C the energy loss at 500 W kg−1 was 15% relative to +25 °C.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".