Variation in virulence among four root-inhabiting Ophiostomatoid fungi on<i>Pinus taeda</i>L.,<i>P. palustris</i>Mill, and<i>P. elliottii</i>Engelm. seedlings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Ophiostomatoid fungi have been implicated in root disease of pines in the southeastern United States. To understand more about their virulence, inoculation studies were conducted on loblolly (Pinus taeda), longleaf (Pinus palustris), and slash pine (Pinus elliotii). One-year-old bareroot seedlings, after being planted and established for 11 weeks, were wound-inoculated with one of four prominent North American ophiostomatoid fungal species. After three months, a darkened lesion, extending from the point of inoculation was observed for all species. Grosmannia huntii (L. huntii) caused the greatest lesion and occlusion length in loblolly pine and slash pine. Leptographium procerum and L. terebrantis caused similar lesion and occlusion lengths and were the least virulent among the fungi tested. These studies indicate clear virulence differences among the four North American fungi. Grosmannia huntii, previously not known to be pathogenic, was observed causing significant damage compared with other well-known Leptographium species. Finally, lesion and tissue occlusion lengths were significantly smaller in longleaf pine for all fungal species when compared to loblolly and slash pine. Résumé Les champignons ophiostomatoïdes sont responsables de la maladie des racines des pins dans le sud-est des États-Unis. Afin de mieux comprendre leur virulence, des études d'inoculation ont été menées sur les pins à encens (Pinus taeda), des marais (P. palustris) et d'Elliott (P. elliottii). Après avoir été plantés et acclimatés pendant 11 semaines, des jeunes plants de un an, à racines nues, ont été blessés et inoculés avec une des quatre principales espèces de champignons ophiostomatoïdes en Amérique du Nord. Après trois mois, une lésion foncée émanant du point d'inoculation était observable sur toutes les espèces. Grosmannia huntii (L. huntii) a causé la plus grosse lésion et l'occlusion la plus longue chez les pins à encens et d'Elliott. Leptographium procerum et L. terebrantis ont causé des lésions ainsi que des occlusions de longueur similaire et étaient les moins virulents parmi les champignons testés. Ces études indiquent des différences nettes de virulence chez les quatre champignons nord-américains. Grosmannia huntii, non reconnu jusqu'à maintenant comme agent pathogène, a causé d'importants dommages comparativement à d'autres espèces de Leptographium bien connues. Finalement, la longueur des lésions et des occlusions étaient notablement plus faibles chez le pin des marais, et ce, pour toutes les espèces fongiques, lorsque comparées aux pins à encens et d'Elliott. Keywords: Grosmannia huntii Leptographium serpens Leptographium procerum Leptographium terebrantis pathogenicityroot diseaseMots clés: Grosmannia huntiiLeptographium serpensLeptographium procerumLeptographium terebrantismaladie des racinespathogénicité Acknowledgements These studies were financially supported by the Department of Defense and Fort Benning, Georgia. The Smurfit Stone Nursery provided seedling stock for each experiment. The authors would like to thank S. Enebak and D. South, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University for reviewing several versions of the manuscript. Mr Roger Menard, USDA Forest Health Protection provided assistance in planting along with constructive insight. A special thanks to all the student workers including Theresa Garren, Chris Pope, Chauntey Eckhardt and Jamie Huddleston. Mr Tanka Acharya, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Auburn University provided assistance in statistical analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".