<i>Cylindrocarpon</i>Species Associated with Black-Foot of Grapevine in Northeastern United States and Southeastern Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Black-foot disease of grapevine is caused by a complex of soilborne fungi. The most common and virulent species, which are found across all major grapegrowing regions of the world, are <i>Cylindrocarpon liriodendri</i> (<i>C. liriodendri</i>) and <i>C. macrodidymum</i> (teleomorph = <i>Neonectria</i>). Other species with a more limited distribution and uncertainty regarding their pathogenicity include <i>C. destructans</i>, <i>C. obtusisporum</i>, <i>C. pauciseptatum</i>, <i>Campylocarpon fasciculare</i> (<i>C. fasciculare</i>), and <i>C. pseudofasciculare</i>. The goal was to identify the species associated with black-foot disease in vineyards of the northeastern United States (U.S.) and southeastern Canada as such regions have not previously been surveyed. Recent expansion of winegrape acreage in these regions necessitates a clear understanding of the disease risks. Eleven U.S. states and two Canadian provinces were surveyed. Genus-level identification was based preliminarily on colony morphology. Species-level identity was based on phylogenetic analysis of two nuclear loci, 5.8S rDNA and ß-tubulin, using voucher specimens and sequences with high sequence identity. We report for the first time from Canada recovery of <i>C. liriodendri</i>, <i>C. macrodidymum</i>, and <i>C. destructans</i> from symptomatic grapevines. Also reported are species not previously identified from black-foot symptomatic grapes anywhere in the world, including <i>C. didymum</i> and a <i>Neonectria mammoidea</i>-like species. Results suggest that local viticultural practices, primarily burying the vine underground during winter, may create injuries, and thus exacerbate infection by wound pathogens such as <i>Cylindrocarpon</i>. Overall this work improves the knowledge of black-foot disease in these nascent grapegrowing regions and will be helpful to growers in their decisions regarding viticultural practices, planting, and disease management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".