MR Volumetric Study of Piriform-Cortical Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortices: The Aging Effect
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The piriform cortex and cortical amygdala (PCA) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are considered olfactory-related brain regions. This study aims to elucidate the normal volumes of PCA and OFC of each age groups (20.0-70.0 year old), and whether the volumes of PCA and OFC decline with increasing age and diminishing olfactory function. METHODS: One hundred and eleven healthy right-handed participants (54 males, 57 females), age 20.0 to 70.0 years were recruited to join this study after excluding all the major causes of olfactory dysfunction. Volumetric measurements of PCA and OFC were performed using consecutive 1-mm thick coronal slices of high-resolution 3-D MRIs. A validated olfactory function test (Sniffin' Sticks) assessed olfactory function, which measured odor threshold (THD), odor discrimination (DIS), and odor identification (ID) as well as their sum score (TDI). RESULTS: The volume of OFC decreased with age and significantly correlated with age-related declines in olfactory function. The volume of OFC showed significant age-group differences, particularly after 40 years old (p < 0.001), while olfactory function decreased significantly after 60 years old (p < 0.001). Similar age-related volumetric changes were not found for PCA (p = 0.772). Additionally, there was significant correlation between OFC and DIS on the Right Side (p = 0.028) and between OFC and TDI on both sides (p < 0.05). There was no similar correlation for PCA. CONCLUSIONS: Aging can have a great impact on the volume of OFC and olfactory function while it has much smaller effect on the volume of PCA. The result could be useful to establish normal volumes of PCA and OFC of each age group to assess neurological disorders that affect olfactory function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".