<i>In vivo</i>investigation of a new<sup>109</sup>Cd γ-ray induced K-XRF bone lead measurement system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new 109Cd gamma-ray induced K-XRF bone lead measurement system using an array of four detectors has been developed. Previous results from Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and experiments with phantoms predicted that it would be about three times more sensitive than the conventional system, albeit using a more active source. A dosimetry study has been performed for this system and it demonstrated that the dose delivered to the measured individuals is acceptable even for 5-year-old children. Approval to apply this system to human studies has been received from the Research Ethics Board. In this study, 20 adult volunteers, 10 male, 10 female, were recruited to have their tibia measured with both the conventional system and the new system. The result confirmed the improvement predicted by the MC simulations and the in vitro measurements. Two other interesting points were discovered from the data. One is that the data from the new system showed a significant positive correlation between age and tibia lead concentration, while the data from the conventional system do not. The other is that 85% of the tibia lead concentrations were under the minimum detection limit when measured by the conventional system, and the proportion reduced to 50% when measured by the new system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".