Numerical Simulation Study of Field Scale SAGD and ES-SAGD Processes Investigating the Effect of Relative Permeabilities
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) has been proved to be an effective method in producing from extra heavy oil or bitumen resources. The main recovery mechanism in this process is viscosity reduction by introducing heat into the reservoir. The Solvent Co-Injection processes (SCI) or Expanding Solvent SAGD (ES-SAGD) are alternative methods to the conventional SAGD. In these processes reduction in the oil viscosity is achieved by a combination of latent heat from steam and dissolution of solvents into bitumen. These alternative methods lower the steam requirements and associated costs with it, as well as the amount of carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere caused by steam generation process.In this work some numerical simulations were conducted to examine the effect of relative permeability data on the performance of SAGD and ES-SAGD processes. Temperature dependant relative permeability data, that shows variation of end points with temperature, was tested against fixed relative permeabilities. Oil production was found to be strongly dependant on the end point relative permeability data. It is suggested to use temperature dependant relative permeabilities in numerical simulations. This must be considered as a matching criterion, when trying to history match field data.Solvent co-injection showed promising results both in terms of improved recovery factor and reduced steam oil ratio as an economical criterion. In addition, the high solvent recoveries of 97-100% in all solvent co-injection runs make the process even more economically interesting. Injecting only 2% on a molar basis of pentane, hexane or heptane as solvent, boosted the oil rates up.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it