The origin of the tubular jet
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A vertical cylindrical tube is partially immersed in a water-filled container and pressurized to lower the fluid level inside the tube. A sudden release of the pressure in the tube creates a singularity on top of the rising free surface. At the very beginning of the process a jet emerges at the centre of the surface, the strength of which strongly depends on the initial shape of the meniscus. Here, the time-evolution of the complex shape of the free surface and the flow around the cylindrical tube are analysed using high-speed imaging, particle image velocimetry, and numerical simulations. The tubular jet is found to be created by the following series of events, which eventually lead to the flow focusing at the tube's centre. A circular surface wave, produced by the funnelling of flow into the tube, is pushed inwards by the radial flow directly underneath the surface. As the wave moves inward and eventually collapses at the centre of the tube, a bump of fluid grows in the centre due to the converging flow in the bulk. This converging flow continues to feed the jet after the circular wave has collapsed. The singularity of the wave collapse is manifested in the initial sharp tip of the jet. All of the above events are traced back to a single origin: the convergence of the flow as it enters the tube. Movies are available with the online version of the paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".