Substrate selection by settling zebra mussels, <i>Dreissena polymorpha</i>, relative to material, texture, orientation, and sunlight
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) invaded the Great Lakes in 1986 and are considered to be a nuisance species, because of their rapid population growth and their strong byssal attachment to a variety of man-made and natural surfaces. Research on possible antifouling materials or coatings has revealed few nontoxic substrates that even retard attachment of mussels. The influence of several substrate characteristics in combination (material, texture, orientation, and sunlight) on zebra mussel settlement was examined. Settlement of post-veliger mussels on experimental plates indicated that the mussels attached in higher numbers on upper versus lower horizontal surfaces, textured versus smooth surfaces, shaded versus sunlit surfaces, PVC versus Plexiglas, and plastic (PVC and Plexiglas) versus glass. Zebra mussels did not show strong preferences among several additional substrate materials (wood, Fiberglas, concrete, limestone, aluminum, and raw steel) but they strongly avoided galvanized steel. These results confirm field observations of locations in which mussels are most likely to be found. Information about zebra mussel substrate preferences may enhance the design of monitoring programs and the integrated management of mussels in vulnerable areas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.028 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".