Volume measurements of the cell destruction zone and thermal decomposition zone in the focus of a shock wave transducer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Evaluation of the volume of the cell destruction zone is of interest in biomedical applications of shock waves (SW). The volume depends on mechanical properties of the cell membranes and is different for different cell types. In this work, we evaluated the cell destruction volume for two different cell types, tumor cells Crebs-2 and red blood cells. We used 0 70 0.5-s SW pulses with 45-MPa pressure in the focal zone. The concentration of destroyed cells was counted by dyeing in the case of tumor cells, and by spectrometry of released hemoglobin in the case of RBC. The cell destruction volume was calculated from destruction versus pulse number data and measured as 0.0135 ml for tumor cells. For RBC, the volume was 0.021 ml. To evaluate the effective volume of thermal zone, we used EPR signal of stable disulphide biradicals. Under SW action, S–S bonds of the biradicals rupture. The volume measurements were 0.003 ml. Since for that biradical, S–S bonds rupture at temperatures >80°C, and concentration of free radicals was an order lower (measured by spin traps) than of the produced monoradical, the rupture was caused by thermal decomposition. Thermal effects can play a significant role in SW action.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".