Characteristics of Individuals With Male-to-Male and Heterosexually Acquired Infectious Syphilis During an Outbreak in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Eliminating syphilis is important not only to prevent the sequelae of infection but also to control the spread of HIV. Current prevention and control efforts in Canada have been ineffective in eliminating this disease. GOAL: The goal of the study was to determine the characteristics of individuals with infectious syphilis due to male-to-male and heterosexual contact, diagnosed during an outbreak in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective study of individuals with infectious syphilis diagnosed at the STD clinic in Calgary between January 2000 and April 2002. RESULTS: The outbreak reported here (September 2000 to April 2002) involves 32 cases of infectious syphilis, corresponding to rates of 0.9/100,000 population during 2000 and 1.8/100,000 population during 2001. Between September 2000 and June 2001, the cases diagnosed were among men who have sex with men (MSM); between May 2001 and April 2002, they were due to locally acquired infections among heterosexuals, including one case of congenital syphilis. Compared to the heterosexuals, MSM tended to be older, be coinfected with HIV, and report excessive alcohol use (versus injection drug use) and had infectious syphilis diagnosed earlier. MSM used the Internet and bars or bathhouses to initiate sexual contact, whereas heterosexually acquired infections were largely among sex workers and their clients. Contact tracing was more successful among the heterosexuals than among MSM. The public health staff at the STD clinic initiated a series of multifaceted interventions in response to the outbreak. These interventions were moderately successful, as measured by the increased numbers of individuals seeking counseling and testing services at the clinic. CONCLUSION: The results highlight key differences in the risk factor-specific characteristics of the outbreak that should be taken into account when designing prevention and control strategies.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it