Muscle microcirculation alterations increase with disease severity in chronic heart failure patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To evaluate skeletal muscle microcirculation by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Skeletal muscle microcirculation is impaired in patients with CHF, and this impairment seems to correlate with disease severity. We evaluated 49 patients with CHF (mean age: 58 ± 12 years) and 12 healthy volunteers. Of the CHF patients, 14 had end-stage heart failure (ESCHF) and were undergoing treatment with intermittent inotropic agent infusion during the period of the study protocol. The thenar muscle tissue oxygen saturation (StO 2 %) was measured noninvasively by NIRS before, during and after 3-minute occlusion of the brachial artery (occlusion technique). Patients with ESCHF ( n = 14) and CHF ( n = 35) presented a significantly lower tissue oxygen saturation (StO 2 ) than healthy subjects (75 ± 6%, 77 ± 8% and 85 ± 5%, P = 0.001 respectively). The oxygen consumption rate during the occlusion of the brachial artery differed significantly between patients with ESCHF, CHF and healthy subjects (22.4 ± 9%/min, 29 ± 10%/min and 38.1 ± 11.1%/min, P = 0.001 respectively). The reperfusion rate differed significantly between patients with ESCHF, CHF and healthy subjects (302 ± 136%/min, 393 ± 134%/min and 480 ± 133%/min, P = 0.002 respectively). Peripheral muscle microcirculation assessed by NIRS is impaired in CHF patients. The degree of dysfunction is associated with disease severity and is acutely partially reversed with inotropic agent infusion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".