An Undergraduate Experiment for the Measurement of Perfluorinated Surfactants in Fish Liver by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Perfluorinated surfactants, including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), are an emerging class of environmental contaminants that have recently received considerable attention. An undergraduate laboratory experiment to measure perfluorinated surfactants in fish liver has been developed. Fish samples, collected by students from local markets and grocery stores, are extracted using an ion-pairing method and analyzed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) employing student optimized instrumental parameters. In nearly all fish liver samples analyzed by students, perfluorinated surfactants were detected. This undergraduate experiment provides a hands-on opportunity for students to learn new sample preparation and extraction procedures and the specific techniques of LC–MS/MS. Students gain an appreciation of both the sensitivity of LC–MS/MS for the analysis of trace environmental contaminants and the importance of quality control when working with trace analytes in complex biological matrices.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it