Review of tools for friction stir welding and processing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel green manufacturing technique due to its energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. This solid state joining process involves a rotating tool consisting of a shoulder and/or a probe. The shoulder applies a downward pressure to the workpiece surface, constrains the plasticised material around the probe, generates heat through the friction and causes plastic deformation in a relatively thin layer under the bottom surface of the shoulder. The rotating probe mainly drags along, plasticises, and mixes the adjacent material in the stir zone, creating a joint without fusion. Friction stir processing (FSP), a variant of FSW, has been developed to manufacture composites, locally eliminate casting defects, refine microstructure and/or improve the associated mechanical and physical properties including strength, ductility, fatigue, creep, formability and corrosion resistance. However, major challenges such as tool design and wear currently limit the use of FSW/P for manufacturing applications, particularly for high melting temperature or high strength alloys. In this review, the FSW/P tools are briefly summarised in terms of the tool types, shapes, dimensions, materials and wear behaviours.Le soudage par friction-malaxage (SFM) est une technique nouvelle de fabrication verte grâce à son efficacité énergétique et à son amicalité environnementale. Ce procédé d’assemblage à l’état solide implique un outil de rotation constitué d’une épaulement et/ou d'un pion. L’épaulement applique une pression vers le bas sur la surface de la pièce de travail, contraint le matériel plastifié autour du pion, engendre de la chaleur au moyen de la friction, et conduit à la déformation plastique dans une couche relativement mince sous la surface du bas de l’épaulement. Principalement, le pion en rotation entraîne, plastifie et mélange le matériel adjacent dans la zone de mélange, créant une jonction sans fusion. Le traitement par friction-malaxage (TFM), une variante du SFM, a été développé pour fabriquer des composites, pour éliminer localement les défauts de moulage, pour raffiner la microstructure et/ou pour améliorer les propriétés mécaniques et physiques associées, incluant la résistance, la ductilité, la fatigue, le fluage, la formabilité et la résistance à la corrosion. Cependant, des défis majeurs comme le concept de l’outil et l’usure limitent présentement l’utilisation de S/TFM dans les applications de fabrication, particulièrement pour les alliages à haute température de fusion ou à haute résistance mécanique. Dans cet examen, on résume brièvement les outils de S/TFM par rapport aux types d’outils, à leurs formes, à leurs dimensions, aux matériaux et aux comportements d’usure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.017 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".