Inheritance of Seed Shattering in Interspecific Hybrids between <i>Fagopyrum esculentum</i> and <i>F. homotropicum</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, common buckwheat (2 n = 2 x = 16), is a sporophytic self‐incompatible species with dimorphic flowers, which is resistant to seed shattering, a trait often lost in interspecific crosses. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of seed shattering in interspecific crosses with the shattering species F. homotropicum Ohnishi [= F. esculentum var. homotropicum (Ohnishi) Q‐F. Chen] (2 n = 2 x = 16) to use this species in buckwheat improvement. Four interspecific crosses between F. homotropicum and F. esculentum were made by means of ovule culture. Eight F 2 populations derived from F 1 single plants were developed and 28 F 3 lines from F 2 shattering plants were used for progeny testing. The F 1 interspecific hybrids expressed seed shattering, indicating that shattering is dominant to nonshattering. The F 2 populations from individual F 1 plants segregated in the ratios of 3:1, 9:7, and 27:37, supporting the control of shattering by three complementary dominant genes, the first report of multiple gene control in buckwheat. The F 3 progeny testing confirmed the F 2 segregation patterns. The different segregation ratios in the F 2 populations may have been caused by heterogeneity of F. esculentum because of cross‐pollination. The proposed genetic model describes the genotype of F. homotropicum as homozygous dominant to explain the absence of nonshattering genotypes. Fagopyrum esculentum genotypes are homozygous recessive at a minimum of one locus to explain the absence of shattering genotypes. This model provides an explanation for the occurrence of shattering phenotypes from crosses between two nonshattering parents and nonshattering phenotype from crosses between, or selfing of, shattering plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".