Inheritance of Seed Shattering in Interspecific Hybrids between <i>Fagopyrum esculentum</i> and <i>F. homotropicum</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, common buckwheat (2n = 2x = 16), is a sporophytic self‐incompatible species with dimorphic flowers, which is resistant to seed shattering, a trait often lost in interspecific crosses. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of seed shattering in interspecific crosses with the shattering species F. homotropicum Ohnishi [=F. esculentum var. homotropicum (Ohnishi) Q‐F. Chen] (2n = 2x = 16) to use this species in buckwheat improvement. Four interspecific crosses between F. homotropicum and F. esculentum were made by means of ovule culture. Eight F2 populations derived from F1 single plants were developed and 28 F3 lines from F2 shattering plants were used for progeny testing. The F1 interspecific hybrids expressed seed shattering, indicating that shattering is dominant to nonshattering. The F2 populations from individual F1 plants segregated in the ratios of 3:1, 9:7, and 27:37, supporting the control of shattering by three complementary dominant genes, the first report of multiple gene control in buckwheat. The F3 progeny testing confirmed the F2 segregation patterns. The different segregation ratios in the F2 populations may have been caused by heterogeneity of F. esculentum because of cross‐pollination. The proposed genetic model describes the genotype of F. homotropicum as homozygous dominant to explain the absence of nonshattering genotypes. Fagopyrum esculentum genotypes are homozygous recessive at a minimum of one locus to explain the absence of shattering genotypes. This model provides an explanation for the occurrence of shattering phenotypes from crosses between two nonshattering parents and nonshattering phenotype from crosses between, or selfing of, shattering plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".