Toe‐out, lateral trunk lean, and pelvic obliquity during prolonged walking in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis and healthy controls
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To compare the time-varying behavior of maximum toe-out angle, lateral trunk lean (over the stance leg), and pelvic obliquity (rise and drop on the swing leg) during prolonged walking in participants with and without medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA), and to explore correlations between these gait characteristics and pain. METHODS: Twenty patients with knee OA and 20 healthy controls completed 30 minutes of treadmill walking. Toe-out, trunk lean, pelvic obliquity, and pain were measured at 5-minute intervals. RESULTS: The mean ± SD toe-out angle was significantly smaller (P = 0.04) in patients with knee OA (6.7 ± 2.5 degrees) than in controls (10.3 ± 2.2 degrees). Toe-out changed significantly over time (P = 0.002), but not in a systematic way, and there was no interaction between group and time. The mean ± SD trunk lean was higher (P = 0.03) in patients with knee OA (2.0 ± 1.0 degrees) than in controls (0.7 ± 0.5 degrees). Trunk lean did not change over time and there was no interaction between group and time. There were no differences for pelvic drop. The mean ± SD pelvic rise was higher (P = 0.01) in patients with knee OA (2.8 ± 0.9 degrees) than in controls (1.2 ± 0.8 degrees), but did not change over time and there was no interaction. Patients experienced a small increase in pain (P < 0.001). Trunk lean and pelvic drop were correlated with pain (r = 0.49, P = 0.03 and r = 0.47, P = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION: Toe-out and trunk lean are consistently different between individuals with and without medial compartment knee OA during prolonged walking, and patients with greater pain have greater trunk lean. However, over 30 minutes of walking, these gait characteristics remain quite stable, suggesting they are not acute compensatory mechanisms in response to repetitive loading with subtle increases in pain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".