Effectiveness under fragile conditions?: sociopolitical challenges to aid and development cooperation in Burundi
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While undeniable progress has been made in Burundi in the last decade, aid and development cooperation continue to face significant challenges. A number of the most daunting challenges stem from Burundi's fragility. The article maintains that general norms of aid effectiveness have guided cooperation in Burundi over the last years. But while aid effectiveness has been a modus operandi, actors have failed to heed the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness' warning that its principles are ill-adapted for fragile contexts and should instead be adapted to local fragile conditions. Given the tendency to operate according to general standards and, more importantly, the failure to account for local conditions, the article shows that aid and development efforts in Burundi have been thwarted by the realities of state fragility. In particular, violence and its legacy, as well as governance related issues, have resulted in complex social relations and dynamics that have not only been neglected by international actors, but have, as a result, played on the effectiveness of efforts in Burundi.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.025 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.015 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".