Peatland succession and long-term apparent carbon accumulation in central and northern Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite their importance as globally significant carbon (C) stores, basic knowledge of post-glacial peatland history and C accumulation are lacking for the Canadian Boreal Shield and James Bay Lowland (JBL) of central and northern Ontario, Canada. Radiocarbon dates, plant macrofossil analysis, and soil C estimates from an eight-core transect of the JBL and surrounding regions are used to reconstruct the timings and patterns of fen to bog transitions, and the ranges and patterns of long-term apparent rate of C accumulation (LARCA). Peatland initiation lagged the retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet, the drainage of glacial lakes, and isostatic uplift by 810–6050 years. Transition from Carex-dominated fen to Sphagnum-dominated bog had a median timing of 3500 years following peatland establishment and ranged from 640 to 6970 years. LARCA was variable geographically and over time with median values ranging from 13.4 to 31.6 g C/m 2 /yr. LARCA anomalies were generally high ~6.1 kyr (kyr = 1000 calibrated years before present (cal. yr BP)) for southern sites, and ~2.5 kyr for the most northern sites, and may be associated with elevated moisture as inferred from a brief review of regional proxy reconstructions. Some sites displayed high LARCA anomalies, changes in plant ecology, or southern site initiation, which may have also been driven by a moist Hypsithermal Period occurring ~4.5 kyr. LARCA increases were not generally associated with high-temperature anomalies during the warm ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ compared with the cooler ‘Little Ice Age’; however, there is evidence that the establishment of modern permafrost during the late-Holocene negatively affected C accumulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".