Fabrication of periodically poled lithium niobate on x-cut substrates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) components are very promising for the development of active photonic devices. Most of the PPLN devices currently fabricated are based on the use of z-cut wafers. We report on the fabrication of Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate on x-cut substrates by the application of a high electric pulse. The technique is taking advantage of the use of high voltage amplifier to generate the needed high voltage waveform. The shape of the pulse is controlled by feedback to maintain the poling charge constant. This approach makes the total charge independent from the electric field amplitude and the pulse duration. Using this system we show evidence that a long poling pulse improves the domains wall propagation in the forward direction e.g. from Z+ to the Z- side. We also observed an improvement of the quality of the inverted domains when controlling the poling current to a low constant value. High nucleation spike was also critical to obtain uniform inversion and repeatable poling curves for different samples. Using adequate pulse duration, nucleation spike and charges amount, uniform 1 micrometer deep PPLN were successfully fabricated on x-cut substrates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".