Characteristics of Bacterial Cellulose Production from Agricultural Wastes
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
There are increasing demands to substitute the plastic from the petrochemical industry with bacterial cellulose which were produced from microorganisms as Acetobactor xylinum strain. The aim of this study was to produce bacterial cellulose from banana peels which are agricultural waste around Walailak University area. The banana peels were used as a carbon source together with nutrient medium for the growth of bacteria. The ratio between Hestrin and Schramm nutrient medium (HS) with banana peel to DI water was 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:1.5 (%V/V). Sugar content in banana peel (control) was 4.0% Degree Brix. The initial pH was 6.0 and sugar contents varied in this study were 5.5%, and 11% Degree Brix. A.xylinum dosages used in the cultivation were 5, 6.67, and 8.33 (%V/V) respectively. The cultivation times were 15 days at the temperature of 30 °C. As a result, the highest yield of produced bacterial cellulose was 19.46 gram and the best condition which maximum yield of bacterial cellulose 1.95% can be obtained was 11% (Brix) of sugar content, 6.67 (%V/V) of A.xylinum added, and 1:1.5 of banana peel to DI water. The physical properties of bacterial cellulose were studied with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy which shown adsorption spectrum at 3279, 2915, 1627 and 1013 cm -1 corresponding to the-OH,-CH,-CH 2 and carboxyl function groups, respectively. Glass transition Temperature (T g ) was 116.85°C. Tensile strength was measured with UTM and had average value of 41.13±5.43 Mpa. The bacterial cellulose had moisture content of 90.00±0.02%. The synthesized bacterial cellulose can be used as adsorption media and also has its chemical properties like petroleum polymer. Result suggested that the similar property can be observed when compared with petroleum plastic, however with the exception of methyl group (CH 3 ). Methyl group which can be found in plastic synthesized from petrochemical is responsible for the strength of plastic. Thus, bacterial cellulose, synthesized in this study, is not as strong as petrochemical plastic. But it can be used to produce bio-plastics because of the-CH and-CH 2 functional group attached. With the similar physical and chemical properties to those of petrochemical plastic, bacterial cellulose can be used as biopolymer.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it