Spatial heterogeneity of land cover response to climatic change in the Nilgiri highlands (Southern India) since the last glacial maximum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fourteen hillslope soil profiles were sampled under natural vegetation (ie, grassland or forest) and plantations in the Nilgiri highlands, Southern India. Delta 13 C ratios were measured at different depths and 14 C ages determined for six profiles. In these highland soils where the turnover rate of organic matter is extremely low, the δ 13 C ratios of entire soil profiles have recorded signatures of past land cover. By correlating the data with results previously obtained from peat bogs and with knowledge concerning the history of human settlement, we distinguish three contrasting trajectories of palaeoenvironmental history and landscape change since the last glacial maximum. In the Central Nilgiris, between 18 and 10 ka BP, forest expansion occurred through the conjunction of a wetter climate (the maximum of southwest monsoon-related humidity occurring at c. 11 ka BP) and higher temperatures; since 10 ka BP, the reversal towards grassland vegetation is attributed to drier conditions. In the Western Nilgiris, where strong southwest monsoon winds permanently restrict forest patches to sheltered valley sites, steady but limited expansion of forest from 18 ka BP to the present is recorded and attributed to rising temperatures. The Southern and Eastern Nilgiris, where the northeast monsoon contributes 20% of the annual rainfall, are the less sensitive to fluctuations in the southwest monsoon. In these areas, rapid and extensive expansion of forest occurred mainly as a consequence of higher temperatures from 18 ka BP to the present. Massive deforestation by Badaga cultivators and Europeans planters followed after the sixteenth century AD.As a result, and in contrast with the Western Nilgiris where the land cover mosaic has remained remarkably stable in the last 18 ka BP, the current landscape differs sharply from the land cover pattern detected by the soil record.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".