Behavior of Warbling Vireos Ejecting Real and Artificial Cowbird Eggs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We videotaped nine ejections of real (n = 5) and artificial (n = 4) Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) eggs by Warbling Vireos (Vireo gilvus). All eggs were ejected within 6 min. There were no significant differences in time used for any ejection behavior by egg type, although artificial eggs were probed longer before ejection. Eight vireos ejected the cowbird egg using visual cues only because none sat on its nest before ejection. One male ejected the cowbird egg after sitting on the nest for a few minutes; consequently, both visual and tactile cues were available for its decision to eject the cowbird egg. Most vireos identified the cowbird egg by sight and, in most cases, rapid ejection of the cowbird egg precluded the possibility of using tactile cues. Grasp-ejection was the only ejection method confirmed for real and artificial eggs. Two male vireos ejected cowbird eggs at two nests, which is the first documentation of successful ejection by male Warbling Vireos, and the third cowbird host for which males are known to eject cowbird eggs. The ability of males to eject cowbird eggs has important implications for the evolution of ejection behavior.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".