Electrical Conductivity in Soils: Underlying Phenomena
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrical conductivity can be accurately and readily measured in the laboratory and in the field, with minimal electrode effects even in high specific surface soils and∕or high ionic concentration pore fluids. Electrical conductivity combines the contributions of particle conduction, surface conduction and pore fluid conduction, and the effects of particle shape and fabric. The interplay between participating soil parameters is often obscured in typical empirical equations, such as Archie’s law. New experimental results show that surface conduction is an important contributor to global soil conduction in high specific surface soils that are saturated with low-ionic concentration pore fluids; the relevance of surface conduction increases with decreasing porosity. On the other hand, pore fluid conduction prevails as the conductivity of the electrolyte and the porosity of the soil increase. Furthermore, low frequency conductivity anisotropy increases with increasing ionic concentration. Simple yet robust microscale analytical models properly capture the observed interplay between the most relevant soil parameters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".