Prevalence of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Carrier in Japanese Pregnant Women in 2013
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since September 2010, in Japan serological screening for the detection of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) antibodies can be performed for all women during pregnancy with the Japanese public funds for strategies for prevention of HTLV-1 vertical transmission, because Japan, especially Kyushu area, has been reported to be one of the areas of highest prevalence of HTLV-1 in the world [1, 2]. In our previous study [3], we examined the prevalence of HTLV-1 carrier in Japanese pregnant women according to the implement rate and results of HTLV-1 screening and confirmation tests of women who gave births in Japan in 2011. The total rates of positive HTLV-1 screening tests and positive western blot (WB) test in positive screening tests were 0.32% and 49.8%, respectively in 2011. Considering the response rate and the rate of implementation of WB test, the number of HTLV-1 carrier in Japanese pregnant women in 2011 was estimated to be 1,560 (0.15%). In addition, although the number of delivery in Kyushu area was only 14% of Japanese deliveries, 53% of HTLV-1 carrier of Japanese pregnant women was present in Kyushu area. Recently, the migration of Japanese people from Kyushu area to the metropolitan areas has been thought to contribute to a significant decrease of HTLV-1 carriers in Kyushu area and an increase in Kanto (including Tokyo) area in Japan [1, 4]. To confirm this migration in Japanese pregnant women, on December 2014, we requested again 2,544 obstetrical facilities that are members of Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (JAOG) to provide information of HTLV-1 tests in pregnant women who delivered at ≥ 22 weeks’ gestation in 2013. A total of 1,356 (53.3%) of 2,544 obstetrical facilities responded and information on a total of 538,167 women, accounting for approximately 54% of all deliveries that occurred in Japan during the study period (approximately 1,001,800 births) was provided. In 2013, the total rates of positive HTLV-1 screening tests and positive WB test in positive screening tests were 0.35% and 50.8%, respectively. Considering the response rate and the rate of implementation of WB test, the number of HTLV-1 carrier in Japanese pregnant women in 2013 was estimated to be 1,780 (0.18%). Table 1 shows the difference in the estimated number of HTLV-1 carrier based on positive WB test by area in Japan between 2011 and 2013. The estimated number of HTLV-1 carrier in 2013 seemed to be more than that in 2011, especially in the northeast and southwest (Kyushu) areas. In addition, 51% of HTLV-1 carrier of Japanese pregnant women was present in Kyushu area, although the number of delivery in Kyushu area was only 13% of Japanese deliveries in 2013. Although the migration of Japanese people from Kyushu area to the metropolitan areas has been supposed to contribute to a significant decrease of HTLV-1 carriers in Kyushu area, the estimated number of HTLV-1 carrier of pregnant women seemed to be increased in Kyushu area. In addition, the estimated rate of HTLV-1 carrier in pregnant women in Kyushu area was still significantly higher than that in the other areas (P < 0.01 by the Chi-square test). Therefore, there are still remaining problems concerning the locality for strategies for prevention of HTLV-1 vertical transmission in Japan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.015 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".