Hemodynamic and Cardiac Effects of Chronic Eprosartan and Moxonidine Therapy in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems play critical interlinked roles in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. These studies investigated the hemodynamic and cardiac effects of monoblockade and coblockade of renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems. Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (16 weeks old; male; n=12 per group) received the sympatholytic imidazoline compound, moxonidine (2.4 mg/kg per day); the angiotensin-receptor blocker eprosartan (30 mg/kg per day), separately or in combination; or saline vehicle for 8 weeks, SC, via osmotic minipumps. Blood pressure and heart rate were continuously measured by radiotelemetry. After 8 weeks, in vivo cardiac function and structure were measured by transthoracic echocardiography and a Millar conductance catheter, and the rats were then euthanized and blood and heart ventricles collected for various determinations. Compared with vehicle, the subhypotensive dose of moxonidine resulted in lower (P<0.01) heart rate, left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, interleukin 1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and mRNA for natriuretic peptides. Eprosartan reduced pressure (P<0.01), as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 44 phosphorylation, Bax/Bcl-2, and collagen I/III, and improved left ventricular diastolic function (P<0.03). Combined treatment resulted in greater reductions in blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular hypertrophy, collagen I/III, and inhibited inducible NO synthase and increased endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation, as well as reduced left ventricular anterior wall thickness, without altering the other parameters. Thus, in advanced hypertension complicated with cardiac fibrosis, sympathetic inhibition and angiotensin II blockade resulted in greater reduction in blood pressure and heart rate, inhibition of inflammation, and improved left ventricular pathology but did not add to the benefits of angiotensin II blockade on cardiac function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".