Flow cytometric assessment of autologous γδ T cells in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: Potential effector cells for immunotherapy?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gammadelta T cells are a rare component of the circulating innate immune system capable of exerting anti-neoplastic activity. This population may be suitable for the adoptive immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Little is known however, about the frequency and function of circulating gammadelta T cells in AML. The aim of the study was to enumerate peripheral blood gammadelta T cells in patients with AML and explore the feasibility of their use clinically. METHODS: We compared the absolute circulating gammadelta T cell levels in 33 AML patients before and after treatment versus 20 healthy volunteers using flow cytometry. The function of gammadelta T cells was assessed by detection of intracelluar interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and cytotoxicity against leukemic blasts. RESULTS: AML patients with high blast counts prior to induction chemotherapy had marginally decreased gammadelta T cell levels compared with healthy controls: median 38/microL versus 83/microL; P = 0.051. Sequential gammadelta T cell enumeration after induction showed significantly decreased counts in patients with a persistently high blast burden compared to patients with reduced but detectable residual disease (molecular maker or borderline bone marrow infiltration): median 7/microL versus 105/microL; P = 0.008. Patients with residual disease had significantly higher gammadelta T cell counts compared to those retested after they had achieved complete remission (CR); P = 0.0025. In CR, gammadelta T cell counts remained lower than those of healthy individuals: median 33/microL versus 83/microL, P = 0.030. We detected a sharp increase (on average, four-fold higher than values in CR) of gammadelta T cells in patients in very early morphologic or molecular relapse. We also tested the functional properties of gammadelta T cells from patients with AML in CR. Flow cytometric assessment of IFN-gamma revealed similar numbers of gammadelta T cells expressing the T1 cytokine compared with healthy controls. We also showed that gammadelta T cells were able to kill leukemic target cells in vitro. CONCLUSION: Flow cytometric assessment of gammadelta T cells in patients with AML revealed quantitative shifts with respect to disease status. Our data suggest that gammadelta T cells warrant further investigation as potential therapeutic agents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".