Pathogenicity of <i>Diaporthe</i> spp. isolates recovered from soybean ( <i>Glycine max</i> ) seeds in Paraguay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phomopsis seed decay (PSD) caused by Diaporthe longicolla has been documented as part of a soybean (Glycine max) fungal disease complex that affects the quality of soybean seed. Soybean-producing countries that have not yet documented the presence of PSD impose soybean seed import restrictions to protect their soybean production. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of occurrence of Diaporthe spp. in Paraguay. In 2006, 16 isolates of Diaporthe were recovered for the first time from soybean seed in San Alberto, Paraguay in the south-eastern section of the country. The 16 isolates were used to inoculate mature pods harvested from greenhouse grown PSD-susceptible soybean cultivar ‘Maverick’. Among the16 isolates, six isolates (TN 214, TN 218, TN 224, TN 226, TN 227 and TN 229) caused infection on both pods and seeds within pods. Two groups of isolates were identified based on conidial types: isolates that produced only α conidia and isolates that produced both α and β conidia. The percentage of β conidia ranged from 0 to 95% for all the isolates except for TN 218, TN-222 and TN 223, which only produced α conidia. These results indicate that considerable variability exists in pathogenicity and composition of α and β spores among the 16 Diaporthe spp. isolates recovered from soybean seeds in Paraguay. In addition, these isolates may cause seed quality losses and may spread undetected to soybean production fields in Paraguay and around the world. Although the Diaporthe spp. isolates had three distinct ITS sequence types, none of the three probable species could be identified using currently available information. It is possible that these isolates represent previously unrecognized species, in addition to D. longicolla or D. phaseolorum, but additional data will be required to determine if this is the case.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".