Impact of Flavonoids against Woolly Apple Aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) and Its Sole Parasitoid, Aphelinus mali (Hald.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cut-shoot bioassay test was used to study the significance of three flavonoids as aphicides against the woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann). The used flavonoids were two flavanols that are quercetin dehydrate and rutin hydrate, but rutin hydrate is a glycoside of quercetin dehydrate. In addition to one flavanone that was naringine. These flavonoids were used at three concentrations; 100 ppm, 1000 ppm and 10,000 ppm. Results showed that the three tested flavonoids were active as aphicides against the target species and that mortality to nymphs was higher than that obtained against apterous adults. Increasing the concentration of the flavonoids resulted in a remarkable increase in nymphs mortality. However, rutin hydrate is more toxic to WAA than quercetin dehydrate and naringin. The three flavonoids had slight effect on the sole parasitoid of WAA, Aphelinus mali compared with effect caused by imodacloprid insecticide. Quercetin dehydrate, rutin hydrate and naringine can be used as botanical insecticides and incorporated into integrated management programs of the aphid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".