Tempo and mode of evolutionary divergence in modern and Holocene Vancouver Island marmots (<i>Marmota vancouverensis</i>) (Mammalia, Rodentia)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Marmota vancouverensis is the only insular species among the 14 species of marmots. The evolutionary history of this species is unresolved. Although M. vancouverensis is strongly differentiated in osteological and other morphological characters, its low genetic divergence suggests recent evolution from an ancestral continental species. We used geometric morphometric techniques to assess the morphology of hemimandibles from 239 modern M. vancouverensis, Marmota caligata, Marmota flaviventris, Marmota olympus and 30 Holocene (9435–735 cal. yr bp) subfossil M. vancouverensis. Our results confirm that the mandible of M. vancouverensis is strongly differentiated in shape from continental marmot species, but similar in size to its mainland sister species M. caligata. Temporal variation in size and shape over the past 2500 years among allochronic samples of M. vancouverensis was minimal suggesting that the morphological divergence of this species occurred in a period of rapid change following its isolation from mainland populations in the late Pleistocene. Selection pressures associated with environmental changes and founder effects and genetic drift resulting from population bottlenecks created by population declines and habitat fragmentation are hypothesized as factors contributing to the morphological divergence of this species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".