INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE PLATE INSERTED IN A PIPE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this work is to investigate the effects of the square edged circular orifice plate thickness and Reynolds number on the flow characteristics using finite volume method for both laminar and turbulent flows. Here, the orifice thickness/diameter ratio is varied over the range of l/12≤t*≤ 1 and for the Reynolds number range of 0≤Reo≤2×l05 keeping the orifice/pipe diameter ratio, β=0.6, constant. Hence, consideration in this work is given to the effects of Reynolds number and orifice thickness on discharge coefficient, Cd=f(Re, t*). Flow was assumed to be two dimensional, viscous, incompressible and steady for both laminar and turbulent flow regimes. Velocity distributions, formation of separated flow regions, flow discharge coefficients and hence the response of the orifice meter geometry to known upstream flow conditions is investigated as a function of Reynolds number and dimensionless orifice thickness (t*). The discharge coefficient, Cd, values are more sensitive to Reynolds number in the case of smallest values of t*. Minimum variation of discharge coefficient with respect to Re0 occurs at t*=1 in both laminar and turbulent flows. Consequently, having t*=1 causes less pressure drop and less variations in Cd values comparing with the results of t*=1/12.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".