Liberalism under Siege: The Political Thought of the French Doctrinaires
Bibliographic record
Abstract
By Aurelian Craiutu. Lanham — Oxford, Lexington Books, 2003. xvii+337 pp. Hb $80.00. Pb $26.95. To rescue the Doctrinaires from obscurity in the study of political philosophy is a worthy, but difficult, undertaking because the Doctrinaires were both political theorists and leading politicians. Such a combination makes them especially interesting for those who like to ponder the relation between ideology and pursuit of material interest, but it also means that to appreciate Doctrinaire thought fully, one must be well informed of the historical context in which they wrote. Among the virtues of Liberalism are Aurelian Craiutu's close examination of a broad range of sources, his relation of Doctrinaire thought, particularly that of François Guizot, to the writings of authors such as Rousseau, Tocqueville and J. S. Mill, and, especially, his emphasis upon the diversity within liberalism. The Doctrinaires derived their theories from analysis of history, arguing that political systems must reflect social development, and from this seminal point they distinguished between social and political democracy. Whether such a distinction was as original as the author contends is doubtful: why else the line drawn between active and passive citizenship in the constitution of 1791? Nevertheless, Doctrinaire desire to vest sovereignty in reason, rather than in individual or collective will, was distinctive, enabling them to avoid equation of what is right with the simple will of the majority, while envisioning government in a more positive light than allegedly ‘classical’ liberals preoccupied by protection of individual rights. Indeed Doctrinaire pursuit of a balance of powers was based on recognition that government would become increasingly active in meeting the demands of society. To delimit the appropriate powers of government, the Doctrinaires stressed pluralism, publicity, and a representative system designed to bring the most rational elements to the fore as a political elite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.025 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.016 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".