Photoacoustic measurements of single red blood cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A photoacoustic method to infer the size, shape and orientation of single RBCs is presented. Diseased or damaged RBCs frequently have abnormal shapes and sizes, which can result from a variety of diseases. When using frequencies between 100 and 500 MHz, the photoacoustic power spectrum from RBCs has periodically varying minima and maxima that depend on the size and shape of the RBC. The signals from RBCs in a vertical and horizontal orientation relative to the transducer were compared to numerical simulations using a finite element model. Three different shapes commonly used to model RBCs were examined (at constant volume): a biconcave disk, an oblate ellipsoid and a sphere. For a single biconcave shaped RBC, good agreement in the shape of the power spectrum was observed between measured and numerical simulations for the RBC in both the vertical and horizontal orientation relative to the transducer. When the RBC was placed in a hypotonic solution, it swelled to a spherical shape. In this case, good agreement was observed between the measured signal and the spherical model. In this paper, we show that the photoacoustic power spectrum can be used to infer the size, shape and orientation of single RBCs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".