Life cycle and sexual mode adaptations of the parasitic mite Ensliniella parasitica (Acari: Winterschmidtiidae) to its host, the eumenine wasp Allodynerus delphinalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated two important life-history traits in parasites, i.e., life cycle and reproductive mode, that should be adapted to specific hosts using the parasitic mite Ensliniella parasitica Vitzthum, 1925 and the host wasp Allodynerus delphinalis (Giraud, 1866) in field- and laboratory-reared nests. The life cycle of E. parasitica was synchronized with that of the wasp; this synchronization facilitated dispersal. Life-cycle plasticity of the mite was low and development was halted on dead hosts. There was no significant difference in wasp juvenile mortality between mite-laden and mite-free individuals under controlled conditions. Therefore, the mites were suggested to be not toxic to the hosts. We confirmed for the first time that virgin female mites ovoviviparously produce arrhenotokous males the size of a protonymph to compensate for the absence of males in a cell. Although no obvious antagonistic behaviour between large (i.e., sexual) and small males was observed, large males mounted females on late prepupal hosts, about 1–2 days before either the egg or the small male was laid. We conclude that the adaptations of the mite to its host involve life-cycle synchronization, low-impact parasitism, and facultative parthenogenesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".