Sea Surface Warming and its Implications for Harmful Algal Blooms off Oman
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The analysis of the sea surface temperature (SST) data for the period from 1961 to 2010, showed the SST regime changes off Oman on different temporal scales. A rapid warming phase is conspicuous in the SST off Muscat and off Masirah along Oman after 1984. The shifts in the SST occurred several times on shorter time scales prior to 1984 but a notable shift in the SST occurred after 1984 when the mean annual SST increased by 0.53℃ off Masirah and by 0.32℃ off Muscat. The amplitude and period of heating/cooling are smaller and shorter off Muscat compared to Masirah with increasing summer warming and decreasing winter cooling. The multivariate ENSO index (MEI) and the annual mean SST at the study locations showed better correlation (R 2 =0.3) with April-May MEI compared to the other months. The highs and lows of SST at both the locations responded with stronger El Nino and La Nina events respectively. The frequency of harmful algal bloom (HAB) events off Oman closely followed the warming and cooling patterns of the sea surface. The frequency of HAB events increased with increasing SST during present decade (2001~2010). The increase in toxic or potentially harmful HAB events may be the consequence of upper ocean stratification forced by increasing SST.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".